Ambiguity and Insight:An Exploration on Sun Yat-sen's Theory of Knowledge —On Real Meaning of Sun Yat-sen's Thought

　　作者简介：蔡志栋(1978- )，男，上海市人，中国哲学专业博士，上海师范大学中国传统思想研究所暨哲学学院哲学系副教授，主要从事中国近现代哲学史、思想史研究，上海 200234

　　内容提要：学界一般总将“孙文学说”(知难行易)理解为一个问题：强调实践的重要性。事实上，孙文学说包含着两个观点：1.强调实践的重要性；2.强调理论对于实践的指导意义。实际上他在主张某种形式的“知行合一”。同时，作为文本的《孙文学说》在表述上含混、复杂，又是充满洞见的；分析其中的事例，至少从六个方面揭示认识的环节或认识论的可能维度：1.“行先知后”意义上的“知难行易”；2.“知为行导”意义上的“知难行易”；3.“知后须行”意义上的“知难行易”；4.“行为知始”意义上的“知难行易”；5.“默会知识”意义上的“知难行易”；6.“知多行少”意义上的“知难行易”。然而，不容否认的是，孙中山在此文本中的“知难行易”的含混表述的确给读者理解他的思想造成了一定的困难。但是，仅仅从认识论的角度看，“孙文学说”包含了丰富的认识论思想发展的契机，其价值不可低估。

　　Generally speaking,Sun Yat-sen's thought that knowledge is hard and practice is easy is often described as a topic on the importance of practice.As a matter of fact,there are two points embodied within his thought:the focus on the importance of the practice and an emphasis on the guiding significance of the theory to the practice.He,in a sense,argued for some kind of integration between practice and knowledge.Although the texts in Dr.Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine appear to be vague and complicated,it is full of insight,through which his theory of knowledge that "knowledge is hard and practice is easy" can be expounded from the following six aspects:1."Practice precedes knowledge"; 2."Knowledge is the guide to practice"; 3."Practice is needed once knowledge is obtained"; 4."Practice is the beginning of knowledge"; 5."Tacit knowledge" and 6."More knowledge and less practice".Meanwhile,it should also be admitted that we have difficulty in interpreting his thought owing to his unclear expression.However,Sun Yat-sen's thought is of great value to develop the theory of knowledge from the perspective of epistemology.

　　关键词：孙文/《孙文学说》/知难行易/知行合一/默会知识　　Sun Yat-sent/Dr.Sun Yat-sen's Doctrine/"knowledge is hard and practice is easy"/integration between practice and knowledge/tacit knowledge

　　标题注释：

　　基金项目：国家社会科学研究基金重点项目“社会主义核心价值观的传统文化根基研究”(14AZ005)、国家社会科学研究基金青年项目“先秦诸子与中国现代自由价值研究”(10CZX029)和上海高校一流学科(B类)建设计划上海师范大学“哲学”规划项目的研究成果。

　　孙中山以“孙文学说”(知难行易)为名提出了其认识论思想。然而，此说在表述上是相当含混的，一定程度遮蔽了孙文学说的真实意蕴；问题的另一面是，如果我们聚焦于孙中山在论述此说时所举的例子，就可以挖掘出他在认识论上的丰富创见。